{"id":9283,"date":"2015-10-07T07:09:36","date_gmt":"2015-10-07T07:09:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nam-viet-voyage.com\/?p=9283"},"modified":"2016-01-12T04:53:16","modified_gmt":"2016-01-12T04:53:16","slug":"alexandre-de-rhodes-et-la-langue-vietnamienne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/nam-viet-voyage.com\/fr\/alexandre-de-rhodes-et-la-langue-vietnamienne\/","title":{"rendered":"Alexandre de Rhodes et la langue vietnamienne"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Extrait<\/p>\n

Le nom d\u2019Alexandre de Rhodes est profond\u00e9ment li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019histoire du Vietnam. Parmi les premiers j\u00e9suites \u00e0 venir \u00e9vang\u00e9liser l\u2019Indochine coloniale, il perfectionne la transcription de la langue vietnamienne en alphabet latin. Aujourd\u2019hui, cet alphabet fait partie de l\u2019identit\u00e9 nationale\u00a0: il est au 20e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle la langue officielle du pays.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rue Alexandre de Rhodes<\/h2>\n

\u00c0 H\u00f4 Chi Minh-Ville, certaines rues se d\u00e9tachent par leur nom fran\u00e7ais, comme un souvenir du pass\u00e9 colonial du pays. Avant l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du Vietnam, elles \u00e9taient nombreuses ; aujourd\u2019hui, elles sont particuli\u00e8rement rares. Si le gouvernement actuel a choisi de conserver seulement certaines d\u2019entre elles, ce n\u2019est pas un hasard. En effet, il a souhait\u00e9 rendre hommage \u00e0 des personnalit\u00e9s ayant \u0153uvr\u00e9 pour l\u2019\u00e9volution positive du pays.<\/p>\n

Parmi elles se trouvent Alexandre de Rhodes<\/strong>, dont la rue \u00e9ponyme croise – co\u00efncidence ? – la voie Pasteur, dans le centre-ville. Peu connu du grand public, ce j\u00e9suite passionn\u00e9 de langues \u00e9trang\u00e8res<\/strong> a pass\u00e9 de longues ann\u00e9es en Indochine. Il y a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le vietnamien et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une transcription en alphabet latin de la langue locale.<\/p>\n

Le j\u00e9suite<\/h2>\n

\"PortraitN\u00e9 en 1591 \u00e0 Avignon, Alexandre de Rhodes entre dans la Compagnie de J\u00e9sus<\/strong> en 1612. Il d\u00e9barque pour la premi\u00e8re fois en Indochine en mars 1626, \u00e0 Faifo (aujourd\u2019hui Hoi An<\/a>). Il est le premier Fran\u00e7ais sur place. Il ma\u00eetrise la langue locale en seulement quelques mois.<\/p>\n

Mais sa mission d\u2019\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation se trouve compromise par des missionnaires oppos\u00e9s \u00e0 la polygamie, et par la jalousie des mandarins au service du roi. Celui-ci redoute en fait que l\u2019essor de la foi catholique d\u00e9truise son autorit\u00e9 bas\u00e9e sur le confucianisme.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9 en r\u00e9sidence surveill\u00e9e, Alexandre de Rhodes est banni en 1630<\/strong>. Il part enseigner la philosophie \u00e0 Macao, alors colonie portugaise.<\/p>\n

Il ne retourne en Cochinchine qu\u2019\u00e0 partir de 1640, effectuant plusieurs voyages entre cette ann\u00e9e et 1645, travaillant bien souvent dans la clandestinit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

En juillet 1645, il est expuls\u00e9 de Cochinchine<\/strong>. Rentr\u00e9 \u00e0 Rome, il plaide pour la formation d\u2019un clerg\u00e9 autochtone en Cochinchine et au Tonkin. Un projet qui le conduira \u00e0 \u00eatre mis en disgr\u00e2ce<\/strong> car diplomatiquement trop sensible quant \u00e0 la domination du Portugal sur le pays.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement du quoc-ngu<\/em><\/h2>\n

Alexandre de Rhodes n\u2019est pas tant connu pour sa mission catholique en Indochine que pour son dictionnaire vietnamien-latin-portugais<\/strong>. Mais contrairement \u00e0 la croyance populaire, il n\u2019invente pas le quoc-ngu<\/em> (la transcription du vietnamien en alphabet latin). Qui alors\u00a0?<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, deux de ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs l\u2019ont \u00e9tabli avant lui, Gaspard do Amaral et Antonio de Barbosa<\/strong>. Il se base donc sur leur travail, mais aussi et surtout sur celui de Francisco de Pina<\/strong>, qui \u00e9labore d\u00e8s 1622 un syst\u00e8me de transcription adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la phon\u00e9tique et aux tons de la langue vietnamienne. Toutefois, Alexandre de Rhodes d\u00e9veloppe consid\u00e9rablement le quoc-ngu<\/em>, ajoutant les marques aux lettres latines, permettant de diff\u00e9rencier les intonations<\/strong> et donc la signification des mots. Il int\u00e8gre en plus une grammaire<\/strong> \u00e0 la fin de son dictionnaire, qui constituera un ouvrage de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence longtemps apr\u00e8s sa mort.<\/p>\n

Le quoc-ngu<\/em>, outil d\u2019alphab\u00e9tisation<\/h2>\n

Au d\u00e9part, l\u2019\u00e9criture romanis\u00e9e est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019instruction et \u00e0 l\u2019usage des missionnaires. Mais le quoc-ngu<\/em> se diffuse plus largement dans les communaut\u00e9s chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e0 partir du milieu du 17e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. En effet, il est plus pratique \u00e0 employer<\/strong>, et il constitue une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 face \u00e0 un r\u00e9gime<\/strong> qui demeure inquisitorial. En outre, sa diffusion n\u2019est pas seulement le fruit des missionnaires ; les chr\u00e9tiens vietnamiens y concourent, notamment par la transcription d\u2019\u00e9crits de langue vulgaire en quoc-ngu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Les missions \u00e9vang\u00e9listes europ\u00e9ennes qui d\u00e9barquent ensuite sur le territoire participent \u00e0 sa mise en place. En 1838, le dictionnaire est r\u00e9imprim\u00e9 \u00e0 S\u00e9rampore, au Bengale, sous l\u2019\u00e9gide de Mgr Pigneaux de Behaine, qui l\u2019enrichit, le r\u00e9vise et le corrige.<\/p>\n

Le quoc-ngu<\/em> se r\u00e9pand tr\u00e8s largement au Vietnam, et devient l\u2019instrument de modernisation et d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du pays<\/strong>. Rendu obligatoire en 1910 par l\u2019administration fran\u00e7aise, il participe \u00e0 l\u2019alphab\u00e9tisation de masse<\/strong>. Le Front r\u00e9volutionnaire (Viet Cong) se l\u2019approprie ensuite pour en faire l\u2019outil de lutte principal contre l\u2019illettrisme.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s 1975 et la r\u00e9unification du pays, l\u2019\u00e9poque coloniale est rejet\u00e9e en bloc par le gouvernement, et avec elle l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019Alexandre de Rhodes. Le m\u00e9morial qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9rig\u00e9 en son honneur est retir\u00e9. Ce n\u2019est qu\u2019en 1995, suite \u00e0 un colloque organis\u00e9 par le Centre des sciences sociales et humaines sur la vie du j\u00e9suite que d\u00e9cision est prise de d\u00e9poser l\u2019ancienne st\u00e8le \u00e0 la Biblioth\u00e8que nationale, et de donner son nom \u00e0 l\u2019une des rues d\u2019H\u00f4 Chi Minh-Ville.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le nom d\u2019Alexandre de Rhodes est profond\u00e9ment li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019histoire du Vietnam. Parmi les premiers j\u00e9suites \u00e0 venir \u00e9vang\u00e9liser l\u2019Indochine coloniale, il perfectionne la transcription de la langue vietnamienne en…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":9288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[45,276,42],"tags":[358,359,357,96,360],"class_list":["post-9283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","category-histoire","category-vietnam","tag-de-rhodes","tag-langue","tag-quoc-ngu","tag-vietnam","tag-vietnamien"],"yoast_head":"\nAlexandre de Rhodes et la langue vietnamienne - Nam Viet Voyage<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Alexandre de Rhodes, j\u00e9suite fran\u00e7ais, perfectionna la transcription latine du vietnamien, qui mena \u00e0 l'alphab\u00e9tisation de tout un pays.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/nam-viet-voyage.com\/fr\/alexandre-de-rhodes-et-la-langue-vietnamienne\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alexandre de Rhodes et la langue vietnamienne - 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